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L.2 · ADVANCED · 2 MIN

Futures Mechanics: Margin, Mark-to-Market, and Basis

Unlike stocks where you pay in full, futures require only a margin deposit — typically 5–15% of the contract value. This leverage amplifies both gains and losses, and daily mark-to-market settlement means you can lose more than your initial deposit.

Quiz · 5 questions ↓
§ 01
ConceptDefinitionExample
Initial MarginDeposit required to open a position$10,000 to control $100,000 of oil
Maintenance MarginMinimum account balance to keep positionIf equity drops below this, margin call
Mark-to-MarketDaily P&L settlement in cashGain $500 today → $500 credited to account
BasisSpot price − Futures priceConverges to zero at expiration
§ 02
Leverage = Contract Value / Margin Deposit
§ 03

At 10x leverage, a 5% adverse move wipes out 50% of your margin. A 10% move wipes you out entirely. This is why futures margin calls happen quickly and why risk management is non-negotiable.

§ 04
Calculate the leverage for an S&P 500 E-mini future: ~$200,000 notional with ~$12,000 margin. What percentage move would trigger a margin call?
§ 05
You buy one crude oil future ($70,000 notional) with $7,000 margin. Oil drops 8%. What happens?
§ 06

Basis (spot − futures price) converges to zero at expiration. Understanding basis is critical for hedgers because an imperfect hedge occurs when the basis changes unexpectedly. This is called basis risk.

§ 07
You're long 10 E-mini S&P futures at $4,500 index. Initial margin: $15K/contract. Overnight the S&P moves +0.5%. What's your marked-to-market P&L?
Five questions · AI feedback

Sit with the ideas.

You hold a long crude oil futures position worth $100,000 notional with $10,000 in initial margin. Oil drops 8% in one day. What happens?

Why:
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