Skip to main content Skip to main content
Not investment advice. Educational reading. See Disclaimer.
L.7 · ADVANCED · 2 MIN

Delta Hedging: How Market Makers Stay Neutral

Market makers sell options but don’t want directional bets. They stay neutral by delta hedging — holding shares of the underlying stock proportional to each option’s delta. This is the foundation of modern options market-making.

Quiz · 5 questions ↓
§ 01
Hedge Shares = −Delta × Number of Options × 100
§ 02
ScenarioMarket Maker ActionWhy
Stock risesBuy more shares (delta increased)Rebalance hedge to stay neutral
Stock fallsSell shares (delta decreased)Reduce hedge as exposure shrinks
High gammaFrequent rebalancing neededDelta changes rapidly near expiration
§ 03

Delta hedging is not perfect — it’s a continuous process. Gamma means delta changes with every stock move, requiring constant rebalancing. Market makers profit from the bid-ask spread and theta decay, not from stock direction.

§ 04
If you sold 10 ATM calls (delta 0.50), you’d need to buy 500 shares to hedge. If the stock rises $5 and delta becomes 0.65, you’d need 650 shares — buy 150 more.
§ 05
A market maker sold calls and is delta-hedged with shares. A gamma squeeze starts — the stock rockets higher. What happens?
§ 06

Understanding delta hedging explains market phenomena like gamma squeezes and options expiration volatility. When market makers are forced to buy shares to hedge (positive gamma feedback), it amplifies stock moves beyond fundamental drivers.

§ 07
Market maker is long 1000 options contracts (delta 0.50 per). They want market-neutral exposure. What do they do?
Five questions · AI feedback

Sit with the ideas.

Options dealers are heavily short gamma on a major stock heading into monthly expiration. The stock starts moving sharply higher. How does dealer hedging affect the stock's momentum?

Why:
See it on a real ticker →