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L.2 · BEGINNER · 3 MIN

The Balance Sheet: What Do They Own and Owe?

The balance sheet is a snapshot of what the company **owns** (assets), what it **owes** (liabilities), and what is left for shareholders (equity).

Quiz · 5 questions ↓

Live data

JPM — Debt/Equity, P/B Ratio. Open JPM on the Ledge to see current values.

Formula

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Compare

Assets (what they own)Liabilities (what they owe)
Cash and investmentsShort-term debt
Accounts receivableAccounts payable
InventoryLong-term debt
Property, plants, equipmentPension obligations
Intangibles (patents, goodwill)Deferred revenue

Try it

Look up JPM and check the balance sheet. Banks are unique: deposits are liabilities, loans are assets.

Key insight

The equation always balances. If assets grow but equity does not, the company funded growth with debt. Not always bad, but always worth noticing.

Check-in

Company A: $50B assets, $30B liabilities (40% equity). Company B: $50B assets, $45B liabilities (10% equity), growing earnings faster. Which is the riskier investment?

Key point

Going Deeper — three balance-sheet lines most investors miss. (1) Deferred revenue: cash collected for services not yet delivered; high deferred revenue is a sign of pricing power (customers paying upfront) but also a future-period revenue commitment. (2) Marketable securities: not the same as cash — they carry duration and credit risk; in a rate-rising regime, marketable-security portfolios at banks and insurers carry sizable unrealized losses that may not show up in earnings. (3) Long-term commercial paper or other short-term borrowings labeled "current portion of long-term debt": often financed rate-sensitive maturities that need to be rolled within twelve months. AI prompt: "For this company, which line on the balance sheet has changed the most as a percentage of total assets over the past three years? What does that change suggest about management strategy or business evolution?"

Check your understanding

Sit with the ideas.

A company has $50B in assets and $30B in liabilities. What is the shareholders' equity?

Why:
Try this in paper trading

Buy after reading one balance sheet

Pull up a 10-K for a company you own (or want to own). Read just the balance sheet. Note three things: total cash, total debt, and shareholders' equity. Then paper-buy 5 shares and journal whether the balance sheet made you more or less confident.

Open paper portfolio →

Practice mode — simulated trades, not investment advice.

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